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Amnesty International
http://www.amnesty.org/
Type police brutality in the search box to retrieve recent news items from around the world.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Brutality in Blue
http://www.amnestyusa.org/node/87367 Homophobia can wear a badge and carry a gun, according to a new Amnesty International report on police brutality against lesbians, gays, bisexuals and transgenders. The research shows how stonewalling perpetuates the problem. Article by Walter Armstrong, Amnesty International Magazine.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 1999 National Survey
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=659
Presents data on the nature and characteristics of citizen contacts with the police over a 12-month period. Findings are provided from a nationally representative survey of nearly 90,000 residents age 16 or older. Detailed information is presented on face-to-face contacts with the police including traffic stops, arrests, handcuffing and incidents of police use-of-force. Discusses relevance of the findings to the issue of racial profiling. The report provides demographic characteristics of citizens and police officers involved in traffic stops and use of force encounters. February 2001. NCJ 184957.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2002 National Survey
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=656
April 1, 2005 NCJ 207845
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Contacts between Police and the Public: Findings from the 2005 National Survey
http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=653
April 29, 2007 NCJ 215243
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Controlling Police Use of Excessive Force: The Role of the Police Psychologist
http://www.ncjrs.gov/txtfiles/ppsyc.txt
The role of police psychologists in identifying officers at risk for excessive force and in preventing its use; the factors that contribute to use of excessive force by the police. Ellen M. Scrivner, NIJ Research in Brief, NCJ 150063, October 1994, 14pp.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

DeadlyForce.com
http://deadlyforce.com/selected-publications/
Web page by Dr. Geoffrey P. Alpert, Professor in the Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice at the University of South Carolina and expert on deadly force and other related topics.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Deadly Force : What We Know (Book).
A Practitioner's Desk Reference on Police-Involved Shootings
William A. Geller and Michael S. Scott, Police Executive Research Forum, 1992. Available in the MSU Main Library stacks.

Early Warning Systems: Responding to the Problem Police Officer
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/188565.pdf
Published by the National Institute of Justice, July 2001.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Men, Women, and the Police Use of Excessive Force: A Tale of Two Genders
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/PDF/2002_Excessive_Force.pdf
This study documents huge gender differences in police brutality and misconduct, whether measured by citizen complaints, sustained allegations, or civil liability payouts. The data is clear: women officers cost their communities less in human and financial terms, and police departments can't afford to ignore this data any longer. National Center for Women and Policing, April 2002.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

National Police Accountability Project
http://www.nlg-npap.org/html/resources/regional_resources.htm
A project of the National Lawyers' Guild.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

New Untouchables: How America Sanctions Police Violence
John Desantis. Noble Press, September 1994. Available in the MSU Library stacks.
The New Untouchables thoughtfully reviews traditional police roles and police culture, the difficult but necessary task of defining excessive use of force, and the role of cultural stereotypes, media exigencies, and the war on drugs in justifying police overreaction.

Police Brutality Entry from Wikipedia
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_brutality
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Police Coercion : Application of the Force Continuum (Book)
William Terrill. New York : LFB Scholarly Publishing LLC, c2001. 287pp.
Main Library Stacks HV7936.D54 T47 2001
Terrill studies police use of force in two cities with observational data. He examines individual police-citizen encounters, tests theoretical perspectives on force, and offers the Resistance Force Comparative Scale to examine how officers apply force. Officers use more force on male, nonwhite, poor, young, and intoxicated citizens. Surprisingly, however, they are not more forceful toward disrespectful citizens. Officers also differentially escalate and de-escalate force according the nature of resistance. Interestingly, they do not jump at the opportunity to use force on resistant suspects, offering instead a second chance to comply before applying increased force.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Police Practices and Civil Rights in New York City
http://www.usccr.gov/pubs/nypolice/main.htm
U.S. Commission on Civil Rights. August 2000.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Police Practices and Civil Rights in New York City
http://web.archive.org/web/20011125220544/http://www.ci.nyc.ny.us/html/nypd/pdf/dclm/execsumm.pdf
New York Police Department Response to the Draft Report of the U.S. Commission on Civil Rights.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Police Use of Excessive Force : A Conciliation Handbook for the Police and the Community
http://www.usdoj.gov/crs/pubs/pdexcess.htm
Community disturbances resulting from the police use of excessive or deadly force continue to plague many American communities. Law enforcement is an important societal function and its effectiveness is hampered when tensions exist between the police department and the public it serves. This guidebook was developed to give the police and community groups options for addressing any controversy surrounding the police use of excessive or deadly force. Even after pursuing formal avenues like criminal prosecutions and civil litigation, we are still left with the need to address the underlying, unresolved concerns. U.S. Department of Justice, Community Relations Service, June 1999; updated June 2002.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Police Use of Force:
Addressing Community Racial Tensions
http://www.usdoj.gov/crs/pubs/pubbullpoliceuseofforcedraftrevision72002.htm
This Bulletin offers some practical recommendations to city officials, police executives, and community leaders on steps they can take to prevent community racial conflict associated with police use of force incidents and improve police policies and practices. Examples of CRS assistance to local communities are also included. U.S. Department of Justice, Community Relations Service. Revised August 2002.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Police Use of Force In America, 2001
http://www.theiacp.org/documents/pdfs/Publications/2001useofforce.pdf
The Final Report of the National Police Use of Force Database Project, International Association of Chiefs of Police. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Police Use of Force: Official Reports, Citizen Complaints, and Legal Consequences (Book).
Antony M. Pate, Lorie A. Fridell and Edwin E. Hamilton. Police Foundation, November 1993. Available in the MSU Main Library stacks.

Police vehicles and firearms : instruments of deadly force (Book)
Geoffrey P. Alpert, Lorie A. Fridell. Prospect Heights, IL : Waveland Press, c1992.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Portland Police Bureau: Officer-Involved Shootings and In-Custody Deaths
http://web.archive.org/web/20050816101708/www.parc.info/pubs/pdf/ppbreport.pdf
The Independent Police Review Division of the City Auditor's office retained PARC to conduct a review of the 32 officer-involved shootings and two in-custody deaths that occurred in the City of Portland between January 1, 1997 and June 30, 2000. The comprehensive report features detailed findings, and 89 recommendations, regarding that police department's training, tactics, policies, investigations, and review of these types of cases. Police Assessment Resource Center. August 2003.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Review of Deadly Force Training and Policies of the Dallas Police Department
http://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.deadlyforce.com/dallasreport.zip
The results of a study completed by Dr. Alpert for the City of Dallas, Texas. To download a zipped version of the WordPerfect document click here, Zipped Dallas Report.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Shielded from Justice
Police Brutality and Accountability in the United States
http://www.hrw.org/hrw/reports98/police/index.htm
http://www.hrw.org/reports98/police/
Police abuse remains one of the most serious and divisive human rights violations in the United States. The excessive use of force by police officers, including unjustified shootings, severe beatings, fatal chokings, and rough treatment, persists because overwhelming barriers to accountability make it possible for officers who commit human rights violations to escape due punishment and often to repeat their offenses. Police or public officials greet each new report of brutality with denials or explain that the act was an aberration, while the administrative and criminal systems that should deter these abuses by holding officers accountable instead virtually guarantee them impunity.
This Human Rights Watch report examines common obstacles to accountability for police abuse in fourteen large cities representing most regions of the nation. The cities examined are: Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Indianapolis, Los Angeles, Minneapolis, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Portland, Providence, San Francisco, and Washington, D.C. Research for this report was conducted over two and a half years, from late 1995 through early 1998.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

Understanding police use of force : officers, suspects, and reciprocity (Book)
Geoffrey P. Alpert, Roger G. Dunham. Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2004.
Understanding Police use of Force focuses on the extraordinary and rare event that develops when physical force is used by the police. Whenever police officers come into contact with citizens, there is always a chance that the encounter will digress to one in which force is used on a suspect. Fortunately, most police activities do not result in the use of force, but those that do take on an interesting pattern of interaction between the officer and the citizen. This volume presents a brief survey of prior research on police use of force as well as original data reported for the first time. The original data on police use of force include the Force Factor, or the relative use of force compared to the level of suspect resistance. The data also includes the sequential order of the event and a view from the suspect’s perspective. The book also proposes a new conceptual framework for examining and assessing police use of force: the Authority Maintenance Theory.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

United States of America: Race, Rights, and Police Brutality
http://www.amnestyusa.org/countries/usa/document.do?
id=133746465C2D34CA8025690000692D98
“The issue is national in scope and reaches people all across this country. For too many people, especially in minority communities, the trust that is so essential to effective policing does not exist because residents believe that police have used excessive force, that law enforcement is too aggressive, that law enforcement is biased, disrespectful, and unfair.” Janet Reno, Attorney General of the United States, speaking on police brutality at a National Press Club luncheon, Washington, DC, 15 April 1999. Report by Amnesty International.
(Last checked 10/24/11)

WWW http://staff.lib.msu.edu/harris23/crimjust/