Criminal Justice Resources :
Women and Criminal Justice
Adolescent Girls with Co-Occurring Disorders in the Juvenile Justice System
http://www.tyc.state.tx.us/prevention/adolescent_girls.html
The needs of girls in the justice system are drastically different than those of their male counterparts. Texas Youth Commission.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
African American Women in Prison
http://web.archive.org/web/20020202213314/http://www.pacifica.org/programs/pnn/prison.html
One out of three African American men is in prison, on parole, in a juvenile facility or somewhere in the criminal justice system. African American women between the ages of 20 and 29 constitute the fastest growing population in U.S. jails. Listen to this special five-part series by Pacifica Network News anchor Verna Avery Brown.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Aggression, Antisocial Behavior, and Violence Among Girls : a Developmental Perspective (Book)
Availability status within the MSU Libraries
Martha Putallaz, Karen L. Bierman, editors. New York : Guilford Press, c2004. 322pp.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Bibliography on Women in Prison
http://www.justiceworks.org/bibliography.htm
This bibliography was reprinted as part of a whole bibliography with the permission of Professor Natalie J. Sokoloff, Ph.D. For more information on this bibliography or to receive the full-length version, please contact Professor Sokoloff at John Jay College of Criminal Justice via e-mail at nsokoloff@jjay.cuny.edu. Courtesy of JusticeWorks Community.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Criminology at the Crossroads: Feminist Readings in Crime and Justice (Book)
Availability status within the MSU Libraries.
Book review available at
http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/lawbooks/revoct98.htm#taub.
Kathleen Daly and Lisa Maher, eds. New York : Oxford University Press, 1998. 290pp.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Equality Denied: Status of Women in Policing, 1997
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/status.html
The National Center for Women & Policing is the only organization that annually tracks the number of women in policing, including the numbers of sworn, correctional, and civilian women broken down by rank. Read the latest figures and see if your local police department was one of the agencies surveyed. Report sponsored by the Feminist Majority Foundation.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Equality Denied: Status of Women in Policing, 1998
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/status1998.html
Report sponsored by the Feminist Majority Foundation.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Equality Denied: Status of Women in Policing, 1999
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/Final_1999StatusReport.htm
Report sponsored by the Feminist Majority Foundation.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Equality Denied: Status of Women in Policing, 2000
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/PDF/2000%20Status%20Report.pdf
Report sponsored by the National Center for Women and Policing, a division of the Feminist Majority Foundation, April 2001.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Equality Denied: Status of Women in Policing, 2001
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/PDF/2002_Status_Report.pdf
Report sponsored by the National Center for Women and Policing, a division of the Feminist Majority Foundation, April 2002.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Female Gang Involvement in a Midwestern City: Correlates, Nature and Meanings
http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/html/cd_rom/solution_gang_crime/pubs/FemaleGangInvolvementMidwesternCity.pdf
Department of Justice (DOJ), December 1999. A comparative survey conducted in Columbus, Ohio of young girls who are gang members and those who are not. Correlates gang involvement among girls, the life contexts shaping their participation, the meanings they attribute to it, and the structures and activities of the gangs and the girls' roles in them.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Female Juvenile Delinquents : Guiding Principles in Promising Female Programming
http://www.ojjdp.gov/pubs/principles/ch1_1.html
This publication outlines the promising practices in programming for girls who are already involved in the juvenile justice system or those who are at risk of delinquency. The report also provides a profile of female juvenile offenders, the problems they present, their needs, and the need to address them.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Female Offenders in the Community: An Analysis of Innovative Strategies and Programs
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/1992/010786.pdf
"As the number of female offenders in all areas of correctional supervision increases at a dramatic rate, it is important for practitioners and policymakers to develop an understanding of the specific issues and concerns related to female offenders." James Austin, National Council on Crime and Delinquency, September 1992. 82pp.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Female Police Officers in the United States
http://www.ncjrs.org/policing/fem635.htm
A chapter in Policing in Central and Western Europe by Barbara Raffel Price, College of Police and Security Studies, Slovenia, 1996.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Female Youths and Delinquent Behaviors
http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k4/girlDelinquents/girlDelinquents.htm
This report summarizes the findings of the 2003 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, which provides data about drug use and delinquent behavior in female youths. Courtesy of the Substance Abuse & Mental Health Services Administration.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Full Report of the Prevalence, Incidence, and Consequences of Violence Against Women
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/183781.pdf
This NIJ Research Report presents findings on the prevalence and incidence of rape, physical assault, and stalking; the rate of injury among rape and physical assault victims;
and injured victims' use of medical devices. Findings in this report, which are based on the National Violence Against Women Survey, show that violence is more widespread and
injurious to women's and men's health than previously thought. (NCJ 183781) Patricia Tjaden and Nancy Thoennes. National Institute of Justice and the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention. November 2000. 68pp.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Gender and Justice in Sentencing Decisions : an Analysis of the Impact of Traditional Gender Expectations on Sentencing Outcomes for Felony Female Offenders in the State of Minnesota
Available through Proquest Dissertations and Theses
Note: The first 24 pages are available free to preview through Proquest Digital Disserations. MSU faculty, staff, and students have access to the entire dissertation.
Also available in paper copy in the MSU Library Theses Collection 134 692
Ph.D. Thesis by Barbara Ann Koons, Michigan State University School of Criminal Justice, 2000. 287pp.
The research was designed to enhance understanding of the impact of sentencing reforms on women offenders. The key hypothesis is that prior to the implementation of sentencing guidelines in Minnesota, women who fulfill traditional gender roles are more likely than men are to receive alternatives to incarceration. After sentencing guidelines, no significant differences in the likelihood of receiving a prison sentence are expected between men and women. A related hypothesis is that sentencing reforms and the "war on drugs" are disproportionately related to women's higher odds of going to prison. The analysis examines three time periods and compares the sentencing outcomes for men and women for drug and property offenses. The data come from the Minnesota Sentencing Guidelines Commission and Ramsey and Hennepin Counties pre-sentence investigation reports for 4,076 convicted offenders. Several theories and explanations such as social construction feminist theory, multiracial feminist theory, and explanations based on chivalry suggested several independent variables including gender, race, dependent children, and offense type. These and legal independent variables were examined in relation to two dependent variables, incarceration and sentence length. The results suggest mixed support for feminist explanations of sentencing disparity. For the first sentence decision, gender was influential in decisions made both before and after sentencing guidelines. Women were more likely than men to receive an alternative to incarceration. Additionally, tests of interactions between gender and race, dependent children, and offense type showed only one significant interaction. At Time 2, white women were more likely to be incarcerated than nonwhite women. For the sentence length decision, gender was influential only at Time 2 when women received significantly shorter prison sentences than men, controlling for other predictors of sentence length. Finally, the findings suggest that sentencing reforms and the "war on drugs" in the state have not disproportionately affected women in a negative way.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Gender and Justice: Women, Drugs, and Sentencing Policy
http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/dp_genderandjustice.pdf
Since 1980 the number of women in prison has increased at nearly double the rate for men.There are now nearly seven times as many women in state and federal prisons as in 1980, an increase from 12,300 in 1980 to 82,800 by 1997, for a rise of 573%. An additional 63,000 women incarcerated in local jails yields a total of 146,600 female inmates. Gender and Justice : Women, Drugs, and Sentencing Policy examines the impact of drug offenses and sentencing policy on women at a national level and in the states of New York, California, and Minnesota. Marc Mauer, Sentencing Project, Nov. 1999. (Cataloged for Magic.)
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Gender-Responsive Strategies: Research, Practice, and Guiding Principles for Women Offenders
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/2003/018017.pdf
Summarizes current knowledge on the characteristics of women in correctional settings, the ways in which gender makes a difference in current criminal justice practice, and multidisciplinary research and theory on women's lives that have implications for managing women in the criminal justice system. 142pp.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Girls and Violence
http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICDocs/data/ericdocs2sql/content_storage_01/0000019b/80/17/8d/5b.pdf
Girls' involvement in delinquency and crime, though still less than boys', appears to have increased significantly in the last two decades. There is, however, little knowledge about the causes of girls' violence, and few studies have been conducted on young women's crime and delinquency. Meda Chesney-Lind and her associates have undertaken the most comprehensive analysis of these studies. They have provided much insight into this complex issue, showing significant differences between violent acts by girls and boys. This digest reviews current research on girls' delinquent and violent behavior, the factors contributing to it, and effective programming strategies to prevent it. Jeanne Weiler, Institute for Urban and Minority Education, Teachers College.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
The Girls Behind The Boys: Girls in Gangs (Book)
Availability status within the MSU Libraries
kirsten Lindberg. Chicago Crime Commission. Sept. 1999. 90pp.
The role of girls in gangs is changing - they are younger, tougher and are just as violent, sometimes more, than their male counterparts. More troubling, their children are immersed in the chaos and violence of gangs from birth, passing down the gang legacy to yet another generation. Although still a fraction of overall gang membership - the CCC estimates between 16,000 and 20,000 female gang members and associates in Chicago - the consequences of ignoring this growing segment could be deadly to law enforcement officers. This report will include trends surrounding girls in gangs, a statistical review and myths about girls in gangs, types of girls in gangs, factors that lead girls to join gangs, recruitment and initiation practices, the role of females in gangs, officer safety issues and recommendations, programs and resources for assistance in dealing with the problem.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
http://www.buildingblocksforyouth.org/issues/girls/
The latest research and studies, courtesy of Building Blocks for Youth.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/juvjus/girls.html
Web page provided by the American Bar Association. Numerous web links.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Girls in the Juvenile Justice System
http://www.abanet.org/child/clp/Juvenile%20Justice/Girls%20in%20the%20Juvenile%20Justice%20System.htm
Courtesy of the American Bar Associaiton Juvenile Justice Center.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Girls Study Group: Understanding and Responding to Girls' Delinquency
http://girlsstudygroup.rti.org/
This web site enhances understanding of female juvenile offending and identifies effective strategies to prevent and reduce female involvement in delinquency and violence. The site describes research activities and offers resources for further information. (OJJDP)
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Girls' Violence : Myths and Realities (Book)
Availability status within the MSU Libraries
Christine Alder and Anne Worrall, editors. Albany : State University of New York Press, c2004. 212pp.
Contents : A contemporary crisis? / Christine Alder and Anne Worrall -- Rough girls, 1880-1930 : the 'recent' history of violent young women / Barry Godfrey -- Twisted sisters, ladettes and the new penology : the social construction of 'violent girls' / Anne Worrall -- Racism, 'girl violence' and the murder of Reena Virk / Sheila Batacharya -- Turbulent talk : girls' making sense of violence / Michele Burman -- Capturing girls' experiences of "community violence" in the United States / Laurie Schaffner -- Coming out to play? : young women and violence on the street / Jenny J Pearce -- Violence in the schoolyard : school girls' use of violence / Sibylle Artz -- Situational effects of gender inequality on girls participation in violence / Jody Miller and Norman A. White.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Hiring and Retaining More Women: The Advantages to Law Enforcement Agencies
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/pdf/NewAdvantagesReport.pdf
National Center for Women & Policing, Spring 2003.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Improving Policy and Practice for Adolescent Girls with
Co-Occurring Disorders in the Juvenile Justice System
http://web.archive.org/web/20010627161849/
http://www.prainc.com/gains/publications/girls.htm
Prepared for the GAINS Center by Laura Prescott, June 1998. Still available courtesy of the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
In the Mix: Struggle and Survival in a Women's Prison
Note: Access restricted to MSU faculty and students
Also available in print in the MSU Main Library Stacks HV9475.C3 C876 1998
(Last checked 12/05/09)
International Association of Women Police
http://www.iawp.org
Web site provides membership information, links to affiliate organizations, history, and links to interesting web sites.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Investing in Girls: a 21st Century Strategy
https://www.ncjrs.gov/html/ojjdp/jjjournal1099/invest1.html
The Vol. VI, No. 1, October 1999 issue of Juvenile Justice is focused on this topic.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Justice by Gender : The Lack of Appropriate Prevention, Diversion, and Treatment Alternatives for Girls in the Justice System
http://www.abanet.org/crimjust/juvjus/justicebygenderweb.pdf
Girls under the age of 18 have become the fastest-growing segment of the juvenile-justice population. American Bar Association/National Bar Association May, 2001
(Last checked 12/05/09)
LAPD had the Nation’s First Police Woman
http://www.laalmanac.com/crime/cr73b.htm
Source : Los Angeles Almanac.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Life Sentences: Denying Welfare Benefits to Women Convicted of Drug Offenses
http://www.soros.org/initiatives/baltimore/articles_publications/publications/lifesentences
Patricia Allard, Sentencing Project, 2002.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
National Center for Women and Policing
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/
The first nationwide resource for women in policing, law enforcement agencies, community leaders and public officials seeking to increase the numbers of women police in their communities and improve police response to family violence. Sponsored by the Feminist Majority Foundation. Sponsors conferences and collects news releases, testimony, statistics, etc. about Women and Policing.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
"Not Part of My Sentence": Violations of the Human Rights of Women in Custody
http://www.amnesty.org/en/report/info/AMR51/001/1999
Courtesy of Amnesty International, 1999.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Nowhere to Hide: Retaliation Against Women in Michigan State Prisons
http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,HRW,,USA,3ae6a86718,0.html
In December 1996 Human Rights Watch released All Too Familiar: Sexual Abuse of Women in U.S. State Prisons, a report documenting pervasive sexual harassment, sexual abuse and privacy violations by guards and other corrections department employees in state prisons in California, the District of Columbia, Georgia, Illinois, Michigan, and New York.1 The report also exposed the failure of states to respond to women's reports of sexual abuse and harassment. The failure was twofold: states failed to conduct impartial investigations of allegations of sexual abuse, and they further failed to protect women who reported these abuses to prison authorities, leaving them vulnerable to retaliation by guards. July 1998.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Policewomen on Patrol
http://www.policefoundation.org/docs/policewomen.html
This study demonstrates that gender is not a valid reason to bar women from patrol work. Women perform patrol tasks as well as men. The attitudes and behaviors of some male officers, however, may create personnel problems if not properly addressed by managers. Research brief by the Police Foundation.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Prisoners of a Hard Life: Women and Their Children
http://www.realcostofprisons.org/hardlife.pdf
This comic book by Susan Willmarth, Ellen Miller-Mack, and Lois Ahrens includes stories about: women trapped by mandatory sentencing and the War on Drugs, the "costs" of incarceration for women and their families. A two page story details the trial and sentencing of Regina McKnight. Also included are "Change is Possible" alternatives to the present system, a glossary and footnotes. 20 pages with a four color cover. A Comic Book from the Real Cost of Prisons Project.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Punishment: Women Behind Bars
http://www.karisable.com/crpunwom.htm
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Rape, Torture and Humiliation in Women's Prisons: A Global State of Crisis
web link
Physical and psychological abuse are rampant in women's prisons from the U.S. to Canada to Pakistan. Article by Lys Anzia, Women News Network. Posted September 23, 2008.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Real Cost of Prisons for Women and Their Children : Background Paper
http://www.realcostofprisons.org/rcpp_background_women.pdf
Kiaran Honderich, 2003
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Recruiting and Retaining Women:
A Self-Assessment Guide for Law Enforcement
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/bja/185235.pdf
This self-assessment guide is directed towards law enforcement administrators to assist agencies seeking to recruit and retain more women in sworn law enforcement positions. National Center for Women and Policing. 2001. (NCJ 185235)
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Recruiting, Integrating, and Retaining Women Police Officers:
Strategies That Work
http://www.iwitts.com/html/the_police_chief_magazine__str.html
As the 20th century comes to a close, policing remains a predominantly male profession. In fact, in the United States, women make up only 9.5 percent of police departments. But the world of policing is much different now than it was when the IACP was founded over a century ago, and it requires a different workforce. Police departments can only benefit when they reflect the communities they serve and create supportive work environments for all of their officers. Therefore, chiefs must actively recruit, retain, integrate and promote female police officers. However, more work needs to be done to provide them and their departments with the tools they need to accomplish this important goal. Online article from Police Chief, October 1998.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Reentry Programs for Women Inmates
http://ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/jr000252b.pdf
Are reentry programs originally developed for male inmates effective in helping the increasing numbers of female inmates reintegrate into society?
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Research on Women and Girls in the Justice System
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles1/nij/180973.pdf
http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles1/nij/180973.txt
The papers included in this NIJ Research Forum, the third and final volume of the "Plenary Papers of the 1999 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation Enhancing Policy and Practice Through Research," look at the particular circumstances that bring women and girls in contact with the criminal justice system and call for "redefining justice" by taking these circumstances into account. Sociologist Beth E. Richie argues that to understand and respond to women and girls as offenders, their status as crime victims also needs to be understood. Judge Kay Tsenin believes that justice should be defined beyond mere enforcement and that judges can direct women toward programs that break the cycle of victimization and offending. Psychologist Cathy Spatz Widom discusses the cycle of victimization and criminality and whether childhood abuse and neglect contribute to later involvement in crime by derailing young girls' normal
development.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Resilient Girls : Factors that Protect Against Delinquency
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/220124.pdf
Part of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention's Girls Study Group series, the bulletin describes how four factors (the presence of a caring adult, school connectedness, school success, and religiosity) influence girls' propensity for delinquent behavior.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Sameshield.com
http://www.sameshield.com/
A site dedicated to the history of women in law enforcement by Dr. Kathleen Kieman.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System (2002)
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/s95women02.pdf
London: UK Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate, 2002.
(Last checked 03/10/06)
Statistics on Women and the Criminal Justice System (2003)
http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/rds/pdfs2/s95women03.pdf
London: UK Home Office Research Development and Statistics Directorate, 2003.
(Last checked 03/10/06)
Status of Women in Policing
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/statusreports.html
The National Center for Women & Policing is the only organization that annually tracks the number of women in policing, including the numbers of sworn, correctional, and civilian women broken down by rank. Read the latest figures and see if your local police department was one of the agencies surveyed.
Provides access to Equality Denied: The Status of Women in Policing, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Tearing Down the Wall: Problems with Consistency, Validity, and Adverse Impact of Physical Agility Testing in Police Selection
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/pdf/PhysicalAgilityStudy.pdf
This study surveys 62 police agencies and examines the correlation between representation of women officers, and the type of physical agility tests used. National Center for Women & Policing, Spring 2003.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Three Decades of Women in Policing: A Literature Review
http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/JS66-25-1996E.pdf
Marcel-Eugene LeBeuf. Canadian Police College. 1996.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Under Scrutiny: The Effect of Consent Decrees on the Representation of Women in Sworn Law Enforcement
http://www.womenandpolicing.org/pdf/Fullconsentdecreestudy.pdf
The only study of its kind examining the effect of consent decrees on the numbers of women in police agencies. Also examines what occurs when the decrees are lifted; Study includes an appendix identifying the surveyed agencies. National Center for Women & Policing.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Understanding Violence by Women: A Review of the Literature
http://www.csc-scc.gc.ca/text/prgrm/fsw/fsw23/toce-eng.shtml
Margaret Shaw and Sheryl Dubois. Federally Sentenced Women Program. February 1995.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Violence by Teenage Girls: Trends and Context (NCJ 218905) May 2008
http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/ojjdp/218905.pdf
Margaret A. Zahn, M.A., Brumbaugh, S., Steffensmeier, D., Feld, B.C., Morash, M., Chesney-Lind, M., Miller, J., Payne, A.A., Gottfredson, D.C., Kruttschnitt, C. OJJDP Girls Study Group Series
Examines the involvement of girls in violent activity (including whether such activity has increased relative to the increase for boys) and the contexts in which girls engage in violent behavior. Increasing arrest rates of girls led the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention (OJJDP) to convene the Girls Study Group. The Girls Study Group examines strategies to reduce girls’ involvement in violence and delinquency. This OJJDP Bulletin assesses trends of juvenile arrest rates for violent crimes, focusing on simple and aggravated assault. 24pp.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
War on Drugs, War on Women
http://web.archive.org/web/20020602041501/
http://www.lindesmith.org/library/szalavitz2.html
Maia Szalavitz. On the Issues Magazine 1999. 8(1): 42.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
What About Girls
https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/fs-9884.pdf
This two-page Fact Sheet was written by Kimberly J. Budnick, Region Chief in OJJDP's State Relations and Assistance Division, and Ellen Shields-Fletcher, Program Specialist in OJJDP's Training and Technical Assistance Division. The question posed by this Fact Sheet is one that cannot be ignored. Female involvement in the juvenile justice system continues on a steady course upward even as juvenile male involvement in delinquency declines. Between 1992 and 1996 the number of juvenile females arrested for Violent Crime Index offenses increased 25 percent, with no increase in arrests of male juveniles for the same offenses. Juvenile female arrests for Property Crime Index offenses increased 21 percent, while juvenile male arrests in this category decreased 4 percent. Law enforcement agencies made 723,000 arrests of juvenile females in 1996. Female involvement in the juvenile justice system, once seen as an anomaly, has evolved into a significant trend. State and local juvenile justice systems are increasingly called upon to address the needs of juvenile female offenders and at-risk girls. Recognizing that these needs require national attention, OJJDP has launched a multilevel approach. It includes reviewing how States are dealing with at-risk girls and female juvenile offenders, developing an inventory of best practices, producing a prototype training curriculum, and implementing a variety of program development activities. These initiatives are described in this Fact Sheet.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women and Girls in the Criminal Justice System : In the Spotlight
http://www.ncjrs.gov/spotlight/wgcjs/Summary.html
Female criminal behavior has been commonly perceived as a less serious problem than male criminal behavior. Historically, women have been more likely to commit minor offenses and have made up only a small proportion of the offender population. Although women remain a relatively small number of all prisoners, these facts have concealed a trend in the rising percentage of female offenders, their participation in violent crime, and have inhibited the development of gender-specific programs to address the issue (Research on Women and Girls in the Criminal Justice System, National Institute of Justice, 1999).
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women and Imprisonment in the United States: History and Current Reality
Original url:
http://prisonactivist.org/women/women-and-imprisonment.html
Via Wayback Machine:
http://web.archive.org/web/20010616212455/prisonactivist.org/women/women-and-imprisonment.html
Courtesy of the Prison Activist Resource Center.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women in Jail : Legal Issues
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/1996/013770.pdf
William C. Collins, National Institute on Corrections, December 1996.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women in Policing in Canada: The Year 2000 and Beyond - Its Challenges
http://web.archive.org/web/20070207122109/http://www.cpc.gc.ca/rcd/womwrk_e.PDF
May 20-23, 1997 Workshop Proceedings. Canada Police College. Edited by Marcel-Eugene LeBeuf. Still available thanks to the Internet Archive.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women in the Criminal Justice System: Briefing Sheets
http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/womenincj_total.pdf
The series documents the gender implications of changes that have occurred over the last 20 years within the criminal justice system, including expansive law enforcement, stiffer drug sentencing laws and re-entry barriers. Sentencing Project, May 2007.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women in the Criminal Justice System: International Examples & National Responses
http://www.heuni.fi/uploads/32792g4ml3d.pdf
Proceedings of the workshop held at the Tenth United Nations Congress on the Prevention of Crime and the Treatment of Offenders, Vienna, Austria, 10-17 April 2000. Edited by Natalia Ollus and Sami Nevala. European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women Offender Issues : An Annotated Bibliography
http://www.nicic.org/pubs/1996/013370.pdf
Compilation by the National Institute on Corrections, October 1996.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women Offenders: Programming Needs and Promising Approaches
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/171668.pdf
Merry Morash, Timothy S. Bynum, and Barbara A. Koons. August 1998. Results of an NIJ-sponsored survey of State-level correctional administrators, prison and jail administrators, and program
administrators to determine the special needs of incarcerated women in the areas of management, screening, assessment, and programming. The survey also sought information on innovative correctional programming for women and specific program elements conducive to success.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
The Women's Prison Association: Supporting Women Offenders and Their Families
http://www.ncjrs.org/txtfiles/172858.txt
http://www.ncjrs.org/pdffiles/172858.pdf
This NIJ Program Focus provides an indepth look at the Women's Prison Association (WPA), an incorporated, nonprofit agency in New York City that offers peer education, support, and transitional services to female inmates who are HIV+ or at risk for infection; and emergency and transitional housing, individualized case management services, skills-building workshops, child care, counseling, and other supports to released women, their children, and their families. The WPA programs incorporate many features that correctional experts consider essential to programming for women. It demonstrates program effectiveness by creating new mechanisms for tracking individual clients and measuring their ability to maintain housing and improve their family situations.
Also listed under Corrections
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women’s Prisons – A Global State of Crisis
http://womennewsnetwork.net/2008/09/09/prisoncrisiswomen8005/
“The strategy used in women’s prisons now is one of humiliation rather than rehabilitation,” said Jane Evelyn Atwood in her 2007 Amnesty International video documentary, “Too Much Time.” In numerous locations around the world the plight of women in prison is going unheeded. Conditions of improper touching by persons of authority, sanctioned sexual harassment, unnecessary strip searches, lack of proper medical attention or proper food exists in numerous global prison locations. In addition to this, psychological coercion and/or threats of sexual assault by persons in authority create a constant, unending and intense universal pressure on many incarcerated women. Lys Anzia, Women's News Network, September 9, 2008.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
Women Prisoners at the Dawn of the Twenty First Century
http://www.haworthpress.com/store/E-Text/View_EText.asp?a=3&fn=J012v16n01_06&i=1%2F2&s=J012&v=16
Chapter by Natalie J. Sokolof appearing in Women and Criminal Justice, Vol. 16 (1/2) 2005.
(Last checked 12/05/09)
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